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09.12.2018
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20.07.18 Jobs for Life
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"Англійська мова -пробне ЗНО - 2017"
Try your knowledge at school before your final
serious exam:
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Practice your reading, grammar skills, phrasal words
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Test your English skills
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Some interesting facts
about English
Do you know that…
English is one of the most
widely spoken languages in the world so it is not surprising that so many
people want to learn how to speak English.
all of these facts before:
1. ‘E’
is the most commonly used letter in the English language. In fact, as many as
one in eight of all the letters written in English is ‘e’.
2.
More
English words begin with the letter ‘S’ than any other letter of the
alphabet.
3. ‘I am.’ is the shortest
complete sentence in the English language.
4. English is the official language of the sky! It doesn’t matter
which country they are from, all pilots speak in English on international
flights.
5. The following sentence contains seven different spellings of the sound “ee”: ‘He believed Caesar could see people seizing the seas’.
6. Do you know what is
special about the following sentence? ‘The quick brown fox jumps over the
lazy dog’. This type of sentence is called a ‘pangram’ as it uses every
letter in the English language.
7. The longest English word that can be spelled without repeating
any letters is ‘uncopyrightable’.
8. There is no word in the English language that rhymes with month, orange, silver or
purple.
9. ‘Queueing’ is the only word with five consecutive vowels (five vowels in a
row). This is a great word to use when you play hangman!
10.The longest word in English has 45 letters: ‘pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis’! It is a type of lung disease caused by inhaling ash and sand
dust.
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10. There are nine different
ways to pronounce ‘ough’ in English. This sentence contains all of
them: ‘A
rough-coated, dough-faced, thoughtful ploughman strode through the streets of
Scarborough; after falling into a slough, he coughed and hiccoughed.’ You can search for these words on the Cambridge Dictionary
11. Due to a printing error, there was a word in the English
dictionary from 1932 to 1940 which didn’t have a meaning. The word was ‘Dord’ and it became known as ‘ghost word’.
12. ‘Pronunciation’ is the word which is most mispronounced in
the English language!
14.The most difficult tongue twister in the English language is
“sixth sick sheik’s sixth
sheep’s sick”.
Why not try it out on your
friends and see if any of them can say it without making a mistake?
15. Approximately one new word is added to the English language
every two hours and around 4,000 new words are added to the English
dictionary every year.
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40 Useful Words and
Phrases for writing
an essay, a letter, ...
General explaining
1. In order
to
Usage: “In order to” can be used to
introduce an explanation for the purpose of an argument.
Example: “In order
to understand him, we need
first to understand you.”
2. In other words
Usage: Use “in other words” when you want
to express something in a different way (more simply), to make it easier to
understand, or to emphasise or expand on a point.
Example: “Frogs
are amphibians. In other words, they live on the land and in the water.”
3. To put it another way
Usage: This phrase is another way of saying
“in other words”, and can be used in particularly complex points, when you
feel that an alternative way of wording a problem may help the reader achieve
a better understanding of its significance.
Example: “Plants
rely on photosynthesis. To put it another way, they will die without the
sun.”
4. That is to say
Usage: “That is” and “that is to say” can
be used to add further detail to your explanation, or to be more precise.
Example: “Whales
are mammals. That is to say, they must breathe air.”
5. To that end
Usage: Use “to that end” or “to this end”
in a similar way to “in order to” or “so”.
Example:
“Zoologists have long sought to understand how animals communicate with each
other. To that end, a new study has been launched that looks at elephant
sounds and their possible meanings.”
Adding additional information to support a point
6. Moreover
Usage: Employ “moreover” at the start of a
sentence to add extra information in support of a Example: “Scholar A argued that this was due to X, as
well as Y.”
13. Not
only… but also
Usage: This wording is used to add an extra
piece of information, often something that’s in some way more surprising or
unexpected than the first piece of information.
Example: “Not only
did Edmund Hillary have the honour of being the first to reach the summit of
Everest, but he was also appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the
British Empire.”
14. Coupled with
Usage: Used when considering two or more
arguments at a time.
Example: “Coupled
with the literary evidence, the statistics paint a compelling view of…”
15. Firstly, secondly, thirdly…
Usage: This can be used to structure an
argument, presenting facts clearly one after the other.
Example: “There
are many points in support of this view. Firstly, X. Secondly, Y. And
thirdly, Z.
16. Not to mention/to say nothing of
Usage: “Not to mention” and “to say nothing
of” can be used to add extra information with a bit of emphasis.
Example: “The war
caused unprecedented suffering to millions of people, not to mention its
impact on the country’s economy.”
Words and phrases for demonstrating contrast
17. However
Usage: Use “however” to introduce a point
that disagrees with what you’ve just said.
Example: “Scholar
A thinks this. However, Scholar B reached a different conclusion.”
18. On the other hand
Usage: Usage of this phrase includes
introducing a contrasting interpretation of the same piece of evidence, a
different piece of evidence that suggests something else, or an opposing
opinion.
Example: “The
historical evidence appears to suggest a clear-cut situation. On the other
hand, the archaeological evidence presents a somewhat less straightforward
picture of what happened
consider a
point in the knowledge of something else.
Example: “We’ve
seen that the methods used in the 19th century study did not always live up
to the rigorous standards expected in scientific research today, which makes
it difficult to draw definite conclusions. With this in mind, let’s look at a
more recent study to see how the results compare.”
26. Provided that
Usage: This means “on condition that”. You
can also say “providing that” or just “providing” to mean the same thing.
Example: “We may
use this as evidence to support our argument, provided that we bear in mind
the limitations of the methods used to obtain it.”
27. In view of/in light of
Usage: These phrases are used when
something has shed light on something else.
Example: “In light
of the evidence from the 2013 study, we have a better understanding of…”
28. Nonetheless
Usage: This is
similar to “despite this”.
Example: “The
study had its limitations, but it was nonetheless groundbreaking for its
day.”
29. Nevertheless
Usage: This is the same as “nonetheless”.
Example: “The
study was flawed, but it was important nevertheless.”
30. Notwithstanding
Usage: This is another way of saying
“nonetheless”.
Example:
“Notwithstanding the limitations of the methodology used, it was an important
study in the development of how we view the workings of the human mind.”
Giving examples
31. For instance
38. Persuasive
Example: “Some
birds migrate to avoid harsher winter climates. Swallows, for instance, leave
the UK in early winter and fly south…”
Usage: This is a useful word to use when
summarising which argument you find most convincing.
Example: “Scholar
A’s point – that Constanze Mozart was motivated by financial gain – seems to
me to be the most persuasive argument for her actions following Mozart’s
death.”
39. Compelling
Usage: Use in the same way as “persuasive”
above.
Example: “The most
compelling argument is presented by Scholar A.”
40. All things considered
Usage: This means “taking everything into
account”.
Example: “All
things considered, it seems reasonable to assume that…”
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point you’re making.
Example:
“Moreover, the results of a recent piece of research provide compelling
evidence in support of…”
7. Furthermore
Usage:This is also generally used at the
start of a sentence, to add extra information.
Example: “Furthermore,
there is evidence to suggest that…”
8. What’s more
Usage: This is used in the same way as
“moreover” and “furthermore”.
Example: “What’s
more, this isn’t the only evidence that supports this hypothesis.”
9. Likewise
Usage: Use “likewise” when you want to talk
about something that agrees with what you’ve just mentioned.
Example: “Scholar
A believes X. Likewise, Scholar B argues compellingly in favour of this point
of view.”
10. Similarly
Usage: Use “similarly” in the same way as
“likewise”.
Example:
“Audiences at the time reacted with shock to Beethoven’s new work, because it
was very different to what they were used to. Similarly, we have a tendency
to react with surprise to the unfamiliar.”
11. Another key thing to remember
Usage: Use the phrase “another key point to
remember” or “another key fact to remember” to introduce additional facts
without using the word “also”.
Example: “As a
Romantic, Blake was a proponent of a closer relationship between humans and
nature. Another key point to remember is that Blake was writing during the
Industrial Revolution, which had a major impact on the world around him.”
12. As well as
Usage: Use “as well as” instead of
“also” or “and”.
that day.”
19. Having
said that
Usage: Used in a similar manner to “on the
other hand” or “but”.
Example: “The
historians are unanimous in telling us X, an agreement that suggests that
this version of events must be an accurate account. Having said that, the
archaeology tells a different story.”
20. By contrast/in comparison
Usage: Use “by contrast” or “in comparison”
when you’re comparing and contrasting pieces of evidence.
Example: “Scholar
A’s opinion, then, is based on insufficient evidence. By contrast, Scholar
B’s opinion seems more plausible.”
21. Then again
Usage: Use this to cast doubt on an
assertion.
Example: “Writer A
asserts that this was the reason for what happened. Then again, it’s possible
that he was being paid to say this.”
22. That said
Usage: This is used in the same way as
“then again”.
Example: “The evidence
ostensibly appears to point to this conclusion. That said, much of the
evidence is unreliable at best.”
23. Yet
Usage: Use this when you want to introduce
a contrasting idea.
Example: “Much of
scholarship has focused on this evidence. Yet not everyone agrees that this
is the most important aspect of the situation.”
Adding a proviso or acknowledging reservations
24. Despite this
Usage: Use “despite this” or “in spite of
this” when you want to outline a point that stands regardless of a
shortfalling in the evidence.
Example: “The
sample size was small, but the results were important despite this.”
25. With this in mind
Usage: Use this when you want your reader
to
32. To give
an illustration
Example: “To give
an illustration of what I mean, let’s look at the case of…
Signifying importance
33. Significantly
Usage: Used to introduce a point that is
loaded with meaning that might not be immediately apparent.
Example:
“Significantly, Tacitus omits to tell us the kind of gossip prevalent in
Suetonius’ accounts of the same period.”
34. Notably
Usage: This can be used to mean
“significantly” (as above), and it can also be used interchangeably with “in
particular” (the example below demonstrates the first of these ways of using
it).
Example: “Actual
figures are notably absent from Scholar A’s analysis.”
35. Importantly
Usage: Use “importantly” interchangeably
with “significantly”.
Example:
“Importantly, Scholar A was being employed by X when he wrote this work, and
was presumably therefore under pressure to portray the situation more
favourably than he perhaps might otherwise have done.”
Summarising
36. In conclusion
Usage: Typically used to introduce the
concluding paragraph or sentence of an essay, summarising what you’ve
discussed in a broad overview.
Example: “In
conclusion, the evidence points almost exclusively to Argument A.”
37. Above all
Usage: Used to signify what you believe to
be the most significant point, and the main takeaway from the essay.
Example: “Above
all, it seems pertinent to remember that…”
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Test your English level
Pros and cons of mobile phones
How to write CV ?
- Test your grammar skills
- English Olympiad ( 2016 )
( tests for 8 - 11 grades )
- Practice your listening skills
Test your English grammar, reading skills
\ intermediate level \
I. Test
1. I’ve always been quite
musical, so ? the guitar has been
easy for me.
A. learn B. have to learn
C. to learn D. learning
2. _ I had enough money, I would never buy a sports
car.
A. Even if B.
In case
C. Provided that
D. However much
3. She threatened
_____________ him if he didn’t start treating her better.
A. leaving B.
that she leave
C. to have left D. to leave
4. I was almost at school
when it _____to me I had forgotten my book.
A. remembered B.
happened
C. occurred D. appeared
5. I bought a new sound
system. Now I just have to ______it
up.
A. take B.
set
C. get D. give
6. She has
such a great singing voice. I know
she’ll be a ___success.
A. big B.
high
C. large D.
popular
7. By the end of my trip I
will __to every state in Australia.
A. go
B. be going
C. have gone D. have been going
8. I saw a picture of you ___
in the pool when you were a kid.
A. swim B. were swimming
C. having swum D. swimming
9. I take my responsibilities
as a parent very _.
A. strongly B. thoroughly
C. considerably
D. seriously
10. I was __exhausted by the
time I dragged myself into bed.
A. absolutely B.
incredibly
C. very D.
a little
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11. What time is it?! Oh no!
I __to be at school now!
A. am supposed
B. am intended
C. am obliged
D. am requested
12. Feel like going to the
mall? There’s no ____I’m going there today.
It’ll be packed!
A. time B.
way
C. opportunity
D. hope
13. By the time he was 10, he
__ to play the piano.
A. learned B. would learn
C. has
learned D. had learned
14. Sorry, but your computer
__ fixed until next Tuesday.
A. hasn’t been
B. wasn’t
C. won’t be D.
wouldn’t be
15. The number of visitors
to the area has ____ dramatically over the last 5 years.
A.
raised B. lifted
C. built D. increased
16. The teenagers found at the
scene have been __ of causing the fire.
A. arrested B.
suspected
C. accused D.
suspended
17. You’ll be fine __ you
stay away from the deep water.
A. unless B.
in case
C. although D.
as long as
18. His car isn’t in the
driveway. He _gone out.
A. must have
B. can’t have
C. wouldn’t have
D. should have
19. You really should speak
with her. You can’t put ___talking
with her forever.
A. down B.
over
C. off D. away
20. If you hadn’t found us,
we _____ wandering around the woods!
A. were still
B. would still be
C. are still
D. will still be
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II. Test your English skills
1.The police are ……… an
investigation into the robbery.
a\carrying out
b\working out
c\searching out
d\making out
2. Jack’s parents
……… and so I am sure they would love to go to the exhibition.
a\like Picasso’s paintings very much
b\like very much Picasso’s paintings
c\much Picasso’s paintings like
d\much like Picasso’s paintings
3. When Sam was a
small child, he ……… spend hours every day playing with stones in the garden.
a\would b\was
c\used d\should
4. Fiona is very
angry ……… her boss’s decision to sack several members of staff.
a\against
b\about
c\for
d\by
5. Suzie and John
are planning to get married and ……… a lot of children.
a\have b\
make
c\bring
d\get
6. We had a great
time, _______ the awful weather.
a\except
b\ in spite
c\spite of
d\but for
7. Only now
_______ why you didn't tell me.
a\I do understand
b\I understand
c\do I understand
d\am I to be understood
8. There's no way
I _______ done it without your help.
a\would ever have
b\have ever
c\should never have
d\would ever
9. Had the
grammar section of the test not been so difficult, Kay would certainly
_______ it.
a\have passed
b\pass
c\be passed
d\have been passed
10. How _______
get back home if you lost your ticket?
a\have you
b\would you
c\might I
d\had you to
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11. I think that
the problem Henry has raised is a major ……… for our society today.
a\theme b\
subject
c\issue
d\point
12. Please don’t
forget to ring me when you ……… home.
a\get b\will
get
c\are going to get d\are getting
13. This meat is beautifully ……… - what recipe did you
use?
a\gentle
b\tender c\mild d\soft
14. Scarcely _______ taken off, than the plane was
forced to make an emergency landing.
a\we had
b\have we c\ we have d\had we
15. Listen, I'm
not imagining this. There's a man _______ us.
a\ which has followed b\that follows
c\he is following d\following
16. I told Julie I _______ to come.
a\oughtn't have to have b\would not
c\was being able
d\might not be able
17. How many books
do you think he ___before he was awarded the Nobel prize for literature?
a\would have to write b\had written
c\must have been writing d\was to have written
18. I really have no idea how the mistake ……… in the
first place.
a\came through
b\came about
c\came off
d\came round
19. Are you able
to ……… CDs on your computer?
a\cook
b\bake c\toast d\burn
20. You’d better
take these papers with you ……… you need them for your meeting.
a\as far as
b\otherwise c\unless d\in case
21** I won't be going to
Rothesay with you tomorrow _______ I feel a lot better.
a\as if b\ if
not
c\unless d\as
though
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III. Test your English
skills
I variant
1. Did you have any problems _______ our house?
a\ to find; b\ find; c\ finding; d\ for finding
2. The teacher asked if _______ to bring our textbooks
to class.
a\ all we had
remembered; b\ we had all remembered
c\ had all we remembered; d\ had we all remembered
3. This meat is beautifully _______ - what recipe did
you use?
a\ gentle; b\ tender; c\ mild; soft
4. It's a great place to live apart from the increasing
volume of _______ that passes under my window every day.
a\ traffic; b\
transport; c\ vehicles; d\ circulation
5. The police are _______ an investigation into the
robbery.
a\ working out; b\ searching out; c\ carrying
out; d\ making out
6. You must come quickly now or we won't __the bus.
a\ meet; b\ catch; c\ take; d\ run
7. Have you been back to the house _______ you grew up?
a\ who; b\ when; c\ where; d\ which
8. ______ is Katie's brother like?
a\ How; b\ What; c\ Which; d\ Why
9. When Tina was a little girl she used to _______
small glass animals.
a\ collect;
b\ play; c\ pick; d\ choose
10.
I've only got
a _______ money in the bank.
a\ less;
b\ little; c\ few; d\ bit
11.
I think that
the problem Henry has raised is a major _______ for our society today.
a\ theme; b\
subject; c\ issue; d\ point
12.
Jack's parents
_______ and so I am sure they would love to go to the exhibition.
a\ like Picasso's paintings very much;
b\ much
Picasso's paintings like;
c\ like very much Picasso's paintings;
d\ much like
Picasso's paintings
13.
You should
read this novel — it's been _______ recommended by all the critics.
a\ highly; b\
truly; c\ fully; d\ deeply
14.
Fiona is very
angry _______ her boss's decision to sack several members of staff.
a\ about; b\ for; c\ against; d\ by
15.
I am sure I
would have regretted it if I _______ to take the job.
a\ would have agreed; b\ would agree; c\ did agree;
d\ had agreed
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II variant
1. When Sam was a small child, he _______ spend hours
every day playing with stones in the garden.
used;
would; was; should
2. It's a great place to live apart from the increasing
volume of _______ that passes under my window every day.
Traffic; transport; vehicles; circulation
3. Soldiers have been sent in to try to restore _______
in the area.
Organization; harmony; order; regulation
4. How _______ have you and your family lived in this
flat?
Soon; much; often; long
5. Carlos usually gets good marks at school _______ he
doesn't seem to spend much time studying.
Because; although; unless; even
6. Suzie and John are planning to get married and
_______ a lot of children.
Have; make; bring; get
7. Please don't forget to ring me when you _______
home.
Get; are going to get; are getting; will get
8. We _______ a lovely three weeks in the south of
Spain last year.
Took; did ;spent; passed
9. Our company is planning to _______ a new product early
next year.
Campaign; embark; unfold; launch
10.
Jake is very
good at sport _______ his twin brother Edward is not interested in it at all.
Since; whenever; despite; while
11.
Karl and Susan
have agreed to come to our party, _______ has made Maria very happy.
That; what; which; who
12.
The
professor's unusual theories are sure to come under _______ from many of his
rivals.
Attack; doubt; objection; criticism
13.
Paul _______ a
friendship with a girl who was staying in the same hotel as us in France last
year.
picked up; caught up; struck up; took up
14.
What _ if you
met Jill?
You would do; did you do; would you do; you did
15.
No one knew
what had happened, _ ?
Do they; does one; don’t
they; do they
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Reading
The
World of Parkour
In 1902, a volcano in the Caribbean island of
Martinique blew up. A French naval
officer on the scene, Lt. George Hébert managed to coordinate the rescue of
over 700 people, both indigenous and European.
He noticed, as he did so, how people moved, some well, some badly,
around the obstacles in their path, and how this affected their chances of
survival. Hébert had travelled widely
and was well aware of skills many indigenous people exhibited in being able to
traverse the natural environment. From
these experiences, Hébert developed a training discipline which he called ‘the
natural method’ in which climbing, jumping and running techniques were used to
negotiate obstacles. His method was
adopted by the French military and became the basis for all their
training. In time, it became known as
parcours du combattant – the path of the warrior.
Raymond Belle was a practitioner of parcour in
Vietnam in the 1950s. He had great
athletic ability, and the skills and agility he had learnt through parcour
earned him a reputation as an agile and elite soldier. In later life, he returned to France and
passed on his skills to his son, David, who combined what he had learnt from
his father with his own knowledge of martial arts and gymnastics, and in time,
the sport of parkour was born.
Parkour involves a range of ‘moves’, although none
are official. They involve vaulting,
jumping and landing accurately on small and narrow features, catching ledges,
traversing high wall and landing with a rolling impact to absorb impacts.
Belle formed a group of traceurs called the
Yamikasi, meaning ‘strong man, strong spirit’, that included his friend,
Sebastian Foucan. In time, the two of
them started to follow different paths.
Belle concentrated on the art of getting from place to place in the most
efficient way possible, while Foucan developed his own style which involved
more self expression. This he termed
freerunning.
From the late 1990s, the art and sport of parkour
spread worldwide. Both Belle and Foucan
gave interviews and appeared on television.
In 2003, filmmaker Mike Christie made the film Jump London, and urban
freerunning, or freeflow, began to dominate the London scene. But it was the arrival of YouTube in 2005
that really brought freerunning to a global audience. People around the world
began to post their videos online, making freerunning a mainstream sport, and
in 2007, the first major freerunning and parkour competition was held in
Vienna.
Since parkour values freedom, there are few
facilities dedicated to the practice. Traceurs use both rural and urban areas,
typically parks, offices and abandoned buildings. Traceurs generally respect
the environment they practice in, and since part of their philosophy is ‘leave
no trace’, there have been few concerns over damage to property. However, law
enforcement and fire and rescue teams argue that freerunners are risking their
lives needlessly., especially when they practice at height. However, practitioners argue that injuries
are rare, because they rely on their own hands and feet rather than things out
of their immediate control, such as ice and wheels, as is the case with skiing
and race-driving.
1 George Hebert developed parcour du
combattant because...
he saw native people doing it in
Martinique. blank!
he saw how it could save lives.
he saw how the French were poor at
negotiating obstacles. blank!
2 The natural method...
was replaced by Hebert’s new
discipline. blank!
was taught to Hebert by indigenous
people. blank!
was widely practiced by the French
military.
3 Raymond Belle...
was trained by George Hebert. blank!
gave the discipline its new name. blank!
was a notable practitioner of the natural
method.
4 David Belle...
brought in moves from other
disciplines.
also learnt parcour while in the French
military. blank!
learnt parcour from his father in
Vietnam. blank!
5 A traceur is...
a parkour move. blank!
someone who practices parkour.
an obstacle in a parkour course. blank!
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6 Freerunning differs from parkour in that...
it is faster. blank!
it is more creative.
it is more efficient. blank!
7 What brought parkour and freerunning to an
international audience?
TV appearances and interviews blank!
a British documentary blank!
a video sharing website
8 According to practitioners, where is the
best place to do parkour or free-running?
in
cities blank!
in safe facilities blank!
wherever you like
9 Which of the following is NOT true about
freerunning?
There are a large number of reported
injuries.
There are now international competitions. blank!
Practitioners often cause damage to public
property. blank!
10 Parkour and freerunning practitioners...
require a lot of equipment. blank!
rely on their own bodies.
avoid taking risks. blank!
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